Loreal Marketing

Principles of Marketing L’Oreal 1. The core, tangible and augmented products L’Oreal sells. The core product of the hair care products sold by the company includes the customers feeling good about themself after using the product. The tangible is he physical hair care product e. g. bottle, what the product claims to do for e. g. more shiny hair. 2 L’Oreal’s marketing managers have key branding decisions they must make. These include selecting a brand name and going onto getting a brand strategy.L’Oreal would need to decide on the branding in terms of what name to use and the icon to go with it. Brand strategy includes: Multibrand, range branding, corporate branding, company and individual branding strategy. Multibrand strategy includes bringing out more than one product in one product category. Range branding strategy involves the company deciding to introduce more than one different product to the same category of products however having a differen t name for products in different areas of the market.Corporate branding involves the company choosing to include just one brand for all the products introduced to the market and company and individual branding strategy includes that the company brand is included on all the products in the market however each product also has its own brand name. L’Oreal would be required to make the decision of what marketing brand strategy to use, For e. g. they may choose to introduce a new hair care product to the market and use a corporate brand strategy where they use the L’Oreal brand all products.L’Oreal also have other branding decisions including the branding position, name selection, brand sponsorship and development. L’Oreal must decide on its brand positioning. This includes the products attributes, benefits and beliefs and attitudes of the product. The attributes include what the hair care products attributes are for e. g. the healthy ingredients in the hair c are products. Benefits include what result the customers would expect from the attributes of the product. For e. g.L’Oreal’s benefits may be shiny hair due to the ingredients in the product. L’Oreal may however choose a brand positioning of beliefs and attitudes. L’Oreal would also need to make decisions on the brands name. This includes making decisions towards the brand name in order to ensure that the brand name is easy to memorise, say and identify. 3 The considerations L’Oreal faces in determining global product decisions include adapting their products to suit the various cultures of various countries the hair care products are being marketed in. For e. g. the pa

Market Survey on Commodities Future Trading

An Industry Internship Project On COMMODITIES FURTURE TRADING WITH RESPECT TO GEOJIT COMTRADE LTD – MARKET SURVEY Done at CALICUT, KERALA Under the guidance of MRS. C. ANITHA RANI (Asst. Professor of Marketing Dept. ) (Project Guide) Mr. CHACKO . C. VARGHEESE (Regional manager) (Corporate Guide) Submitted By: LAKSHMI. P. K Roll No: 20028 SIVA SIVANI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT KOMPALLY, SECUNDERABAD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst of all I would like to thank Geojit COMtrade Ltd, which is a leading organization in commodity trading, for giving me an opportunity to work with them and to do Market Research to gain practical knowledge of how a Commodities Company works. My special obligations to my corporate guide Mr. Chacko C Varghese, Regional manager, GC Branch, Calicut, for granting permission to do the project in their esteemed organization. I thank him for dedicating his valuable time in reviewing my project work periodically and for directing me all the way.I am deeply indebted to thank my faculty guideAsst. Prof. C. Anita Rani. I also like to thank all my faculties who have taught me and haveshared their experience with mewhich has helped us in doing my project. I am thankful to Mr. Ajeesh Paul and Mr. Bijesh K. B, senior executives of Geojit COMtrade ltd, Calicut who was always ready to clarify my doubts related to the topic. And my sincere thanks to them. Also, I am thankful to my family, friends, and classmates and to the Almighty.Date: Signature Place: DECLARATION I, Lakshmi. P. K declare that this project entitled â€Å"Market research on commodity future trading with respect to Geojit COMtrade Ltd. †, submitted for the award of the PGDM Triple Specialization is a record of original project – research study- carried out during April 5th- June 5th) , that the project has not formed before the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma/ Associateship/ Fellowship of any other similar title.Ithas been completed by me at Geojit COMtrade Ltd, Calicut under the guidance ofAsst. Prof. Anita Rani,faculty of marketing department of Siva Sivani Institute of Management. Date: Signature Place: C O N T E N T S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CERTIFICATE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO Chapter – IIntroduction 5 Statement of problem 5 Objectives of the study 6 Scope of study 6 Literature Review 6 Chapter – II Industry Profile 8 Company Profile 19 Departmental Details 26Chapter-III Research Methodology 44 Sources of data 45 Sampling Plan 45 Limitations 45 Chapter IV Data Analysis: Interpretation and Findings 46 Chapter-VSWOT Analysis 71 Conclusion 73 Suggestions 74 Bibliography 75 Annexure 76 CHAPTER -I INTRODUCTION Commodity trading is an area which has gained prominence ever since the dawn of civilization.It can be attributed to the fact that commodities are an integral part of our lives. Over these years there has been a tremendous growth in this segment which in turn has acted as the pillar of strength for the developmen t of our economy. This has made it an attractive investment avenue for investors. Earlier we witnessed lot of money being invested in those companies which specialized in the production of commodities. Now we have a trend reversal; commodities have gained prominence over the times.The rapidly advancing technology, particularly the Internet, has drastically changed the social and economic landscapes and every aspect of our daily lives. In the Securities Industry & Futures Commodities, the Internet has facilitated on-line trading, changing the way the market works, as well as the way the investors access the market. Having taken advantage of information technology at an opportune time, India has emerged as a front-running country of on-line trading in the global securities & commodities markets. On-line trading† is broadly defined as a trading mechanism where investors place orders and confirm trading results via electronic communication channels, such as the Internet, mobile ph ones, In India, the whole process of securities & commodities transactions, from order placement and routing, order execution, to trade confirmation, is fully automated, thus enabling the investors who have placed orders to confirm their trading results within few seconds. Geojit COMtrade Ltd. is a commodity trading service firm. It specializes in agricultural commodities, base metals, precious metals, bullion, and energy.The firm engages in trading services on commodities traded on the MCX and NCDEX in India. Its Research Division offers technical and fundamental research services. The firm also provides research on markets, currency, and economy. Geojit COMtrade Ltd. is based in Kochi, India. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Online future commodities trading involve personal factors, technical factors, business factors and economic factors. The interplay of these factors on commodities market requires a deep study about the pattern process and procedures and performance.This study is inte nded to identify the various concepts about online commodities trading and its way of functioning. 1. To identify the level of awareness of commodities online future trading. 2. To identify the target consumer for online trading of commodities. 3. To identify the preference of customers to various investment avenues like commodity market, shares, mutual fund, bank deposits, insurance, debentures and post office savings. 4. To identify the awareness level of Geojit COMtrade Ltd. and feedback from the customers about the firm. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYMy project work programmed was also directed to some particular targets and the main objectives of the study are as bellow; 1. To clearly state the awareness level about Geojit commodities 2. To understand the perception of people about Geojit commodities 3. To devise an approach by making people aware of Geojit commodities The Main purpose of conducting the Survey for Geojit COMtrade Ltd * To identify the target consumer for commodities b usiness. * To identify the preference of customers to various investment avenues like commodity market, shares, mutual fund, bank deposits, insurance, debentures and post office savings. To identify the awareness level of Geojit COMtrade Ltd. and feedback from the customers about the firm. * To get a feel of the Customers’ perception about Geojit commodities services products. * To find an appropriate communication message for attracting the people to Geojit COMtrade Ltd SCOPE OF THE STUDY Globalization of the financial market has led to a manifold increase in investment. New markets have been opened; new instruments have been developed; and new services have been launched. Besides, a number of opportunities and challenges have also been thrown open.Online Commodities trading is new as compared to Equity market in India. Mainly three exchanges are involved in online commodities trading MCX, NCDEX & NMCE LITERATURE REVIEW So many studies are made in the area of commodity futur e trading. Some of the important studies are reviewed as follows; In a well-known literature survey on commodity futures research, Gray and Rutledge observed that, ‘Anyone who undertakes a survey of the literature on futures trading is confronted with an amorphous and rather disjointed list of publications (1971 p 57).Some of the pioneers in futures research, like Hol brook Working, Roger Gray, Tom Hieronymus, Allen Paul, and Henry Bakenwere based on an in-depth understanding of economic institutions, an appreciation of the major problems facing the industry, and careful analysis of relevant data. Gray and Rutledge (1971) provide the most comprehensive survey on futures markets and the topics covered in their review include evolutionary aspects of futures markets, inter-temporal price relationships, and concept of hedging, price variability, and the stochastic nature of price fluctuations. The Keynesian theory of normal backwardation was one of the earliest theories of the int er-temporal futures prices and it postulated that futures prices are biased estimates of forthcoming cash prices because hedgers must compensate speculators for assuming the price risk of holding future contracts * Working (1949) developed the idea that the primary function of commodity futures markets was the provision of the returns for the storage services, and he viewed inter-temporal prices as the jointly determined price of storage. Holbroook Working (1953) categorized alternative motives for commercial hedging in the commodity futures and these categories continue to be valid today. The three arbitrage hedging, operational hedging and anticipatory hedging. Since the futures and cash price converge in the delivery month, a commercial firm can ‘arbitrage’ the two markets and earn a risk-free return from the predictable change in the basis- the mathematical difference between the futures and cash price.Operational hedging facilitates commercial business by allowing firms to buy and sell on the futures markets as temporary substitutes for the subsequent cash market transactions. This provides firms with an avenue for being flexible in day-to-day operations and reducing price risk. Anticipatory hedges involve buying or selling futures contracts by commercial firms in ‘anticipation’ of the forthcoming cash market transactions. Price expectation plays a major role in this type of hedge. * Leuthold and Tomek (1980) explained that semi-perishables (e. . , butter, eggs, onions, potatoes) were traded at the turn of the century but the introduction of trading in nonstorables such as live hogs and live cattle in the 1960s was a watershed for the industry. They argued that since future prices for nonstorables are not being used to allocate inventories, forward pricing is an important economic justification for these markets They pointed out that some of the farmers remain concerned about the alleged adverse influence of futures trading. Acco rding to theoretical literature, primary commodity producers stand to derive considerable price risk reduction benefit from hedging with either future contracts or forward contracts (Johnson 1960; Stein 1961; McKinson in 1967; Danthine 1978; Holthausen 1979; Feder, Just and Schmitz 1980; Andearson and Danthine 1983) * According to empirical literature either minimum variance hedge ratios or optimal hedge ratios (i. e. % of output to be hedged) and has found large potential risk reduction benefits from hedging (Henifner 1972; Peck 1975; Ederington 1979; Grant and Eaker 198559; Casteino 1992; Lene, Kimle, and Hayenga 1993) * But both theoretical and empirical literature appears to contradict reality because very few primary producers actually hedge (Helmuth 1977; Berk 1981; Brorsen 1995) * Survey results of Blank, Carter and McDonald 1997 found thatfarmers prefer forward contracting to direct hedging with future contracts.According to Miller (1986) the one key distinguishing feature b etween these two factors is the absence of basic risk in forward contracting. * Carter and Loyns (1985) found that due to a high basis risk, there was a little incentive for Canadian feedlots to hedge cattle on the Chicago futures market. * Rolfo in 1980 suggested production risk as an explanation for the lack of hedging interest in the real world. Most research needs to be directed towards the impact of government farm programs on commodity futures markets, along the lines of Crain and Lee (1996) * The theory of price of storage explains inverted markets by appealing to the concept of convenience yield. According to this theory, the futures price can be less than the spot price plus the cost of carry when the commodity generates convenience yield. CHAPTER -II INDUSTRY PROFILE 1) COMMODITY MARKET A commodity is a material that is traded in big quantities and whose quality standards and price are objective and universally applicable.For example, gold is a commodity because quality st andards and price of gold are objective and universal, but gold jewelry is not a commodity because the price of jewelry depends on subjective factors such as design, brand image, etc. Other examples of commodities are: agricultural produce such as food grains, pulses, cotton, etc. ; metals such as nickel, zinc, aluminum, etc. Commodity markets  are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged. These raw commodities are traded on regulated  commodities exchanges, in which they are bought and sold in standardized contracts.It covers physical product (food, metals, and electricity) markets but not the ways that services, including those of governments, nor investment, nor debt, can be seen as a commodity. Commodity Market is an organized trader’s exchange in which standardized, graded products are bought and sold. Worldwide, there are 50 major commodity exchanges that trade over 100 commodities, ranging from wheat and cotton to silver and oil. The trading of commoditi es consists of direct physical trading and derivatives trading. Exchange traded commodities have seen an upturn in the volume of trading since the start of the decade.This was largely a result of the growing attraction of commodities as an asset class and a proliferation of investment options which has made it easier to access this market. Commodity trading Spot trading Spot trading is any transaction where delivery either takes place immediately, or with a minimum lag between the trade and delivery due to technical constraints. Spot trading normally involves visual inspection of the commodity or a sample of the commodity, and is carried out in markets such as  wholesale markets.Commodity markets, on the other hand, require the existence of agreed standards so that trades can be made without visual inspection. Forward contracts A  forward contract  is an agreement between two parties to exchange at some fixed future date a given quantity of a commodity for a price defined toda y. The fixed price today is known as the  forward price. Futures contracts A  futures contract  has the same general features as a forward contract but is transacted through a futures exchange. Futures contracts — which set a price for the delivery of a particular commodity in, say, six months or a year — are not themselves to blame.They're the grease that makes these markets function. Futures allow businesses like power companies or airlines to hedge against increases in fuel costs, or food processors to smooth over fluctuations in the price of wheat and corn. Wall Street plays an invaluable role, too, since financial investors — those betting that prices will fall, as well as those betting they'll rise — provide crucial liquidity. Commodity and futures contracts are based on what’s termed forward contracts. Early on these forward contracts — agreements to buy now, pay and deliver later — were used as a way of getting products from producer to the consumer.These typically were only for food and agricultural products. Forward contracts have evolved and have been standardized into what we know today as futures contracts.. In essence, a futures contract is a standardized forward contract in which the buyer and the seller accept the terms in regards to product, grade, quantity and location and are only free to negotiate the price. Hedging Hedging, a common practice of farming cooperatives insures against a poor harvest by purchasing  futures contracts  in the same commodity.If the cooperative has significantly less of its product to sell due to weather or insects, it makes up for that loss with a profit on the markets, since the overall supply of the crop is short everywhere that suffered the same conditions. Delivery and condition guarantees In addition, delivery day, method of settlement and  delivery point  must all be specified. Typically, trading must end two (or more) business days prior to the delivery day, so that the routing of the shipment can be finalized via ship or rail, and payment can be settled when the contract arrives at any delivery point.Most trading is done in futures contracts, that is, agreements to deliver goods at a set time in the future for a price established at the time of the agreement. Futures trading allow both hedging to protect against serious losses in a declining market and speculation for gain in a rising market. For example, a seller may sign a contract agreeing to deliver grain in two months at a set price. If the grain market declines at the end of two months, the seller will still get the higher price quoted in the future contract.If the market rises, however, speculators buying grain stand to profit by paying the lower contract price for the grain and reselling it at the higher market price. Spot contracts, a less widely used form of trading, call for immediate delivery of a specified commodity and are often used to obtain the goods nece ssary to fulfill a futures contract. An independent U. S. regulatory agency, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission was established in 1974 to regulate commodity markets. In 1982, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange introduced a futures contract for Standard ; Poor’s 500 U.S. companies that allow investors to speculate on the future prices of the stocks. Trading of S;P 500 and other financial futures has broken down some of the barriers that once separated stock, bond, and commodity markets and made it easier for investors to hedge their stock investments. Critics charge that the futures trading at the commodity markets in Chicago have made stock prices more volatile. The Chicago Board of Trade is the largest futures and options exchange in the Unites States, the largest in the world is Eurex, an electronic European Exchange.GLOBAL COMMODITY MARKET It is the trading of materials used to make finished products, Is far more important that what the most people give it credit for. It’s what to gives millions consumers worldwide their cups of creamy lattes, their breakfast cereals, the steel for their home construction, and even the fuel to run their cars. In fact international commodity trading is a multi-billion dollar business, and on average the number of trade executed in the commodity exchanges are about five times as much as those on major stock exchanges.And to be honest in the recent past it has been anything but dull. In the past five years commodities have provided all the thrills and spills of a high octane Vin Diesel movie. The idea of trading in commodity future contracts is really very old –school, although it has occurred new age glitz because of electronic exchanges. Most experts trace their origins back to Japan, were rice futures were first traded in the 17th century. Future market for precious metals such as gold and silver has also been around since in the 19th century with maize contracts with the Chicago Board Of Trade (CBO T).Basically commodity futures allow buyers and sellers to make bets on the expected future spot prices. They help both sides obtain insurance for the future value of their outputs or inputs. Cereals were first to be traded under the future contracts and the farmers were the first to use such contracts as they protect them from any steep fall in the value of crop harvested in future. Commodity future differed from equity derivatives in three important ways; 1. They are derivative securities not claims on long living corporations. 2. They are short maturity claims on real assets 3. nlike financial assets, they experience distinct seasonal variations in price and volatility Today there are more than 50 commodity exchanges in the world wide trading in more than 100 products. The major products come under five categories; 1. Precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, etc. ) 2. Industrial metals (copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, etc. ) 3. Agricultural commodities (wheat, corn, cotton, oilse eds, coffee, cocoa, sugar etc. ) 4. Livestock (pork bellies, cattle, etc. ) 5. Energy(crude oil, natural gas, petrol, diesel etc. ) Oil makes up the world’s largest commodity future market. Daily turnover on the New York Mercantile Exchange(NY mex) alone totals about $15 billion) followed by coffee, steel, gold and wheat. New contract ideas however keep popping up all the time. For instance, freight futures are also traded on the Norwegian futures and Options Clearing house and the Nymex. While the Chicago Mercantile exchnge9 now taken over by the CBOT) offers contracts on temperatures, useful for hedging agricultural commodity or energy prices. COMMODITY FUTURE TRADING EVOLUTION OF FUTURE TRADING AND ITS PRESENT STATUS Organized future market evolved in India by the setting up of â€Å"Bombay Cotton Trade Association Ltd. in 1875. In 1893, following widespread discontent amongst leading cotton mill owners and merchants over the functioning of the Bombay Cotton Trade Associa tion, a separate association by the name â€Å"Bombay COTTON Exchange Ltd. † was constituted. Futures trading in oilseeds were organized in India for the first time with the setting up of Gujarati VyapariMandali in 1900, which carried on futures trading in groundnut, castor seed and cotton. Before the Second World War broke out in 1939 several futures markets in oilseeds were functioning in Gujarat and Punjab.Future trading in Raw Jute and Jute Goods began in Kolkata with the establishment of the Calcutta Hessian Exchange Ltd. , in 1919. Later East Indian Jute Association Ltd. was set up in 1927 for organizing futures trading in Raw Jute. These two association amalgamated in195 to form the present East India Jute ; Hessian Ltd. , to conduct organized trading in both Raw Jute and Jute goods. In case of wheat, future markets were in existence at several centers at Punjab and U. P. The most notable amongst them was Chamber of Commerce at Hapur, which was established in1913.Other markets were located at Amritsar, Moga, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Fazilka, Dhuri, Barnala and Bhatinda in Punjab and Muzaffarnagar, Chansausi, Meerut, Saharanpur, Hathras, Ghazibad, Sikenderabad and Barielly in U. P. Futures market in Bullion began at Mumbai in 1920 and later similar markets came up at Rajkot, Jaipur, Jamnagar, Kanpur, Delhi and Calcutta. In due course several other exchanges were also created in the country to trade in such diverse commodities as pepper, turmeric, potato, sugar and Gur (jaggory). After independence, the Constitution of India brought the subject of â€Å"Stock Exchanges and Futures† in the Union list.As a result, the responsibility for regulation of commodity futures markets developed on Govt. of India. A bill on forward contracts was reffered t an expert committee headed by Prof. A. D. Shroff select committees of two successive Parliaments and finally in December 1952 Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952, was enacted. The Act provided for 3- tier regulatory system; (a) An association recognized by the Government of India on the recommendation of Forward markets Commission (b) The Forward Markets Commission (it was set up in September 1953) (c) The Central Government.Forward Contracts (Regulation) Rules were notified by the Central Government in July, 1954. The Act divides the commodities into 3 categories with reference to extent of regulation, viz: (a) The commodities in which futures trading can be organized under the auspices of recognized association. (b) The Commodities in which the future trading is prohibited. (c) Those commodities in which have neither being traded under the recognized association nor prohibited are referred as free Commodities and the association organized in such free commodities is required to obtain the certificate of Registration from the forward Markets Commission.In the seventies, most of the registered associations became inactive, as futures as well as forward trading in the commodities for which they were registered came to be either suspended or prohibited altogether. The Khursho Committee(June 1980) had recommended reintroduction of futures trading in most of the major commodities, including cotton, Kapas, raw jute and jute goods and suggested that steps may be taken for introducing futures trading in commodities, like potatoes, onions, etc. at appropriate time.The government, accordingly initiated futures trading in Potato during the latter half of 1980 in quite a few markets in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. After the introduction of economic reforms since June 1991 and the consequent gradual trade and industry liberalization in both the domestic and external sectors, the Govt. of India appointed in June 1993 one more committee on Forward Markets under Chairmanship of Prof. K. N. Kabra. The Committee submitted its report in September 1994. THE MAJORITY REPORT OF THE Committee ecommended that futures trading be introduced in 1) Basmati Rice 2) Cotton ; Kapas 3) Raw Jute ; Jute Goods 4) Groundnut, rapeseed/mustard seed, cottonseed, sesame seed, sunflower seed, safflower seed, copra and soya bean, ; oils and oilcakes of all of them. 5) Rice brain oil 6) Castor oil ; its oilcake 7) Linseed 8) Silver ; 9) Onions. The committee also recommended that some of the existing commodity exchanges particularly the ones in pepper and castor seed, may be upgraded to the level of international future markets.The liberalized policy being followed by the Government of India and the gradual withdrawal of the procurement and distribution channel necessitated setting in place a market mechanism to perform the economic functions of price discovery and risk management. The National Agriculture Policy announced in July 2000 and announcements of Hon’ble Finance Minister in the Budget Speech for 2002-2003 were indicative of Governments resolve to put in place a mechanism of futures trade/market. As a follow up the Government issued notifications on 1. 4. 003 pe rmitting futures trading in the commodities, with the issue of these notifications futures trading is not prohibited in any commodity. Options trading in commodity are, however presently prohibited. ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF FUTURE TRADING ; ITS PROSPECTUS Futures contracts perform two important functions of price discovery and price risk management with reference to the given commodity. It is useful to all segments of economy. It is useful to producer because he can get an idea of the price likely to prevail at a future point of time and therefore can decide between various competing commodities, the best that suits him.It enables the consumer get an idea of the price at which commodity would be available at a future point of time. He can do proper costing and cover his purchases by making forward contracts. The futures trading is very useful to the exporters as it provides an advance information of the price likely to prevail and thereby help the exporter in quoting a realistic price an d thereby secure export contract in a competitive market. Having entered into an export contract, it enables him to hedge his risk by operating in futures market.Other benefits of futures are: (i) Price stabilization-in times of violent price fluctuations – this mechanism dampens the peaks and lifts up the valleys i. e. the amplitude of price variation is reduced. (ii) Leads to integrated price structure throughout the country. (iii) Facilitates lengthy and complex, production and manufacturing activities. (iv) Helps balance in supply and demand position throughout the year. (v) Encourages competitions and acts as a price barometer to farmers and other trade functionaries.Futures trading are also capable of being misused by unscrupulous speculators. In order to safeguard against uncontrolled speculation certain regulatory measures are introduced from time to time. They are: (a) Limit an open position of an individual operator to prevent over trading. (b) Limit on price fluctu ation (daily/weekly) to prevent abrupt upswing or downswing in prices (c) Special margin deposits to be collected on outstanding purchases or sales to curb excessive speculative activity through financial restraints. d) Minimum/maximum prices to be prescribed to prevent future prices from falling below the levels that are un remunerative and from rising above the levels not warranted by genuine supply and demand factors. During shortages, extreme like skipping trading in certain delivers of contract, closing the markets for a specified period and even closing out the contract to overcome emergency situations are taken. PROSPECTS With the gradual withdrawal of the government from various sectors in the ost liberalization era, the need has been felt that various operators in the commodities market be provided with a mechanism to hedge and transfer their risks. India’s obligation under WTO to open agriculture sector to world trade would require futures trade in a wide variety of primary commodities and their products to enable diverse market functionaries to cope with the price volatility prevailing in the worlds market. CHARECTERISTICS OF FUTURE TRADING A â€Å"Futures Contract† is a highly standardized contract with certain distinct features.Some of the important features are as under: (a) Futures trading are necessarily organized under the auspices of a market association s that such trading is confirmed to or conducted through members of the association in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Rules ; byelaws of the association. (b) It is invariably entered into for a standard variety known as â€Å"basis variety† with the permission to deliver other identified varieties known as â€Å"tender able varieties†. (c) The units of price quotation and trading are fixed in these contracts, parties to the contracts not being capable of altering these units. d) The delivery periods are specified. (e) The seller in a futures market has the choice to decide whether to deliver goods against outstanding sale contracts. In case he decides to deliver goods, he can do so not only at the location of the Association through which trading is organized but also at a number of other pre-specified delivery centers. (f) In futures market actual delivery of goods takes place only in a very few cases. Transactions are mostly squared up before the due date of the contract and contract and contracts are settled by payment of differences without any physical delivery of goods taking place.RECENT TRENDS IN COMMODITY TRADING Nature’s Commodity Outputs Commodity thinking is undergoing a more direct revival thanks to the theorists of â€Å"natural capital whose products, some economists argue, are the only genuine commodities- air, water and calories we consume being mostly interchangeable when they are free of pollution or disease. Whether we wish t think of these things as tradable commodities rather than birthrights has been a major source of controversy in many nations.Most types of environmental economics consider the shift to measuring them inevitable arguing that reframing political economy to consider the flow of these basic commodities first and foremost, helps avoids use of any military fiat except to protect â€Å"natural capital† itself, and basing credit-worthiness more strictly on commitment to preserving biodiversity aligns the long-term interests of eco regions societies, and individuals. They seek relatively conservative sustainable development schemes that would be amiable to measuring well-being over long periods of tie, typically â€Å"seven generations†, in line with Native American thought.Weather trading However, this is not the only way in which commodity thinking interacts with ecologists’ thinking. Hedging began as a way to escape the consequences of damage done by natural conditions. It has matured not only into a system of interlocking guarantees, but a lso into a system of indirectly trading on the actual damage done by weather, using weather derivatives for a rice, this relieves the purchaser of concerns such as whether a freeze will hurt the Brazilian coffee crop, whether there will be a drought in the U. S. orn belt and what the chances that we will have a cold winter are, driving natural gas prices higher and creating havoc in Florida orange areas. Emissions Trading Weather trading is just one example of â€Å"negative commodities†, units of which represent harm rather than good. â€Å"Economy is three fifths of ecology argues Mike Nickerson one of many economic theorists who hold that nature’s productive services and waste disposal services are poorly accounted for. One way to fairly allocate the waste disposal capacity of nature is â€Å"cap and trade†- market structure that is used to trade toxic emissions rights in the United States, e. . SO2. This is in effect a â€Å"negative commodity†, a ri ght to throw something away. In this market, the atmosphere’s capacity to absorb certain amounts of pollutants is measured, divided into units, and traded amongst various market players. Those who emit more SO2 must pay those who emit less. Critics of such schemes argue that unauthorized or unregulated emissions still happen, and that â€Å"grandfathering† schemes often permit major polluters, such as the state governments’ own agencies, or poorer countries, to expand emissions and take jobs, while the SO2 output still floats over the border and causes death.In practice, political pressure has overcome most such concerns and it is questionable whether this is a capacity that depends on U. S. clout: The Kyoto Protocol established a similar market in global greenhouse gas emissions without U. S. support. Community as a commodity This highlights one of the major issues with global markets of either the positive or negative kind. A community must somehow believe tha t the commodity instrument is real, enforceable, and well worth paying for. Avery substantial part of the anti-globalization movement opposes the Commodification of currency, national sovereignty, and traditional cultures.The capacity to repay debt, as in the current global credit money regime anchored by the Bank for international settlements, does not in their view correspond to measureable benefits to human wellbeing worldwide. They seek a fairer way for societies to compete in the global markets that will not require conversion of natural capital to natural resources nor human capital to move to developed nations in order to find work. Some economic systems green economists would replace â€Å"gold standard† with a â€Å"biodiversity standard†. It remains to be seen if such plans have any merit other than as olitical ways to draw attention to the way capitalism itself interacts with life. Human life as a commodity The green economists and the more conservative envi ronmental economics argue that not only natural ecologies, but also the life of the individual human being is treated as a commodity by the global markets. A good example is the IPCC calculations cited by the Global Commons Institute as placing a value on a human life in the developed world â€Å"15x higher† than in the developing world, based solely on the ability to pay to prevent climate changes. Overview of commodities exchange in IndiaForward Markets Commission (FMC) headquartered at Mumbai, is a regulatory authority which is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India. It is a statutory body set up in 1953 under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952. â€Å"The Act provides that the Commission shall consist of not less than two but not exceeding four members appointed by the Central Government out of them being nominated by the Central Government to be thereof. Currently Commission comprises three members among whom Shri. B. C. Khatua, IAS, IS THE Chairman and Shri.D. S. Kolamkar IES, and Shri Rajeev Kumar Agarwal, IRS, are the members of the commission. † The functions of Forward Markets Commission are as follows: (a) To advise the Central Government in respect of the recognition or the withdrawal of recognition from any association or in respect of any other matter arising out of the administration of the Forward Contracts(Regulation) Act 1952. (b) To keep forward markets under observation and to take such action in relation to them, as it may consider necessary, in exercise of the powers assigned to it by or under the Act. c) To collect and whenever the Commission thinks it necessary, to publish information regarding the trading conditions in respect of goods to which any of the provisions of the act is made applicable, including information regarding supply, demand and prices, and to submit to the Central Government, periodical reports on the working of forward markets relating to suc h goods. (d) To make recommendations generally with a view to improving the organization and working of forward markets. (e) To understand the inspection of the accounts and other documents of any recognized association or any member of such association whenever it considers.List of Commodity Exchanges in India 1. Batinda Om ; Oil Exchange Ltd. , Batinda. 2. The Bombay Commodity Exchange Ltd. , Mumbai 3. The Rajkot Seeds oil ; Bullion Merchants` Association Ltd 4. The Kanpur Commodity Exchange Ltd. , Kanpur 5. The Meerut Agro Commodities Exchange Co. Ltd. , Meerut 6. The Spices and Oilseeds Exchange Ltd. 7. Ahmedabad Commodity Exchange Ltd. 8. Vijay Beopar Chamber Ltd. , Muzaffarnagar 9. India Pepper ; Spice Trade Association, Kochi 10. Rajdhani Oils and Oilseeds Exchange Ltd. , Delhi 11. National Board of Trade, Indore 12. The Chamber Of Commerce, Hapur 13. The East India Cotton Association, Mumbai 4. The Central India Commercial Exchange Ltd. , Gwalior 15. The East India Jute ; He ssian Exchange Ltd. 16. First Commodity Exchange of India Ltd, Kochi 17. Bikaner Commodity Exchange Ltd. , Bikaner 18. The Coffee Futures Exchange India Ltd, Bangalore 19. Esugarindia Limited 20. National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited 21. Surendranagar Cotton oil ; Oilseeds Association Ltd 22. Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd 23. National Commodity ; Derivatives Exchange Ltd 24. Haryana Commodities Ltd. , Hissar 25. e-Commodities Ltd Of these 25 commodities exchanges the MCX, NCDEX and NMCEIL are the major Commodity Exchanges.Multi  commodity exchange  of India Ltd – MCX is an independent and de-mutualised exchange based in Mumbai. Established on 10 November, 2003, it is the third largest bullion exchange and fourth largest energy exchange in the world. Recognized by the Government of India it deals in numerous commodities and carries out online trading, clearing and settlement processes for commodities future market  countrywide. MCX COMDEX is India's foremost and sole composite commodity futures price index National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange of India Ltd (NCDEX) located in Mumbai, is a public limited company incorporated on 23rd April 2003.Promoted by national level establishments it is run by professional management. Regulated by the Forward Market Commission with reference to futures trading in commodities, it trades in various commodities online. The NCDEX is covered by: * Companies Act * Stamp Act * Contracts  Act * Forward Commission (Regulation) Act National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCEIL) is considered the first de-mutualized, online exchange dealing in numerous commodities. Incorporated on 20th December 2001, it is promoted and run by: * Central Warehousing Corporation National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited * Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation Limited * National Institute of Agricultural Marketing * Gujarat State Agricultural Marketing Board * Neptune Overseas Limited The Commodity Exchanges with their extensive reach embrace new participants, resulting in a powerful price discovery process. COMPANY PROFILE Evolution of the company It all started in the year 1987 when Mr. C. J. George and Mr. Ranajit Kanjilal founded Geojit as a partnership firm. In 1993, Mr. Ranajit Kanjilal from the firm and Geojit became the proprietary concern of Mr.C. J. George. In 1994, it became a Public Limited Company named Geojit Securities Ltd. The Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. (KSIDC) in 1995, became a co-promoter of Geojit by acquiring a 24 percent stake in the company, the only instance in India of a government entity participating in the equity of a stock broking company. The year 1995 also saw Geojit being listed on the leading regional stock exchanges. Geojit listed at the stock exchange, Mumbai (BSE) in the year 2000. Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Geojit Commodities Ltd. launched Online Future Trading in Agri -commodit ies, precious metals and energy futures on multiple commodity exchanges in 2003. This was also the year when the company was renamed Geojit Financial Service Ltd. (GFSL). The Board consists of professional directors; including a Kerala Government nominee. With effect from July 2005, the Company is also listed at National Stock Exchange (NSE). Company is a character member of the Financial Planning Standards Board of India and is one of the largest Depository Participant (DP) brokers in the country.On 31st December 2007, the company closed its commodities business and surrendered its membership in the various commodity exchanges held by Geojit Commodities Ltd. Global banking major BNP Paribas took a stake in the year 2007 to become the single largest shareholder. Consequently, Geojit Financial Services Ltd. has been renamed as Geojit BNP Paribas Financial Services Ltd. VISION The vision of Geojit is to be leading financial and commodities market intermediary for individuals and insti tutional clients from India band overseas.They continually strive to raise their products and service standards by intelligent application of technology and processes. MANAGEMENT OF GEOJIT COMTRADE Geojit COMtrade offers trading services in Commodities Futures. It is managed by a group of professionals having considerable years of experience and expertise in Commodities, ever since the reintroduction of Commodities Futures in India in 2003. Geojit COMtrade offers its client state-of-art trading tools such as:    * | * Technical and fundamental analysis at this website and also through the company's large branch network | * | * Research Reports | | * SMS alerts on market movement | * | * Content rich website | * | * Online trading | * | * Facility to view online ledger, holdings, positions, etc. | Geojit COMtrade also conducts seminars, distributes free in-house literature and holds interactive sessions that help raise awareness on the future market. The number of participants is c ontinuously on the rise thus leading to increased volumes and market efficiency. Geojit COMtrade is a member of the following Exchanges: * National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCE) | | * National Commodity ; Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) | | * Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited (MCX) | | * National Spot Exchange of India Ltd (NSE) | Geojit COMtrade offers futures trading through multiple exchanges in varied commodities such as: Agricultural Commodities: | * Plantation Crops like Rubber, Coffee, Arecanut, etc. | | * Spices like Pepper, Cardamom, Turmeric, Jeera, Chilly, etc. | | * Pulses like Chana | | * Oil ; Oil Seeds like Refined Soya oil, Soya bean, Cotton seed, Mustard Seed, Mustard oil, etc. | * Cereals like Maize | | * Other commodities like Guar gum, Guar seed, Menthaoil, Potato, Sugar, etc. | | * Commodity Spot products like E Gold, E Silver, E Copper, E Lead, and E Zinc. | Precious metals: | * Gold, Silver, and Platinum | Metals: | * Copper, Le ad, Aluminum, Steel, Tin, Nickel, Zinc, etc. | Energy products: | * Crude oil, Natural Gas, Carbon Credits, etc. MILESTONES | | | Product innovation backed by a high level of domain specific knowledge and state-of-the-art technology has helped Geojit to set many milestones including numerous industries. 986 * Membership in Cochin Stock Exchange (CSE). 1994   * Becomes a Public Limited Company named Geojit Securities Ltd. 1995   * Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd. (KSIDC) acquires 24 percent equity stake. * Membership in National Stock Exchange (NSE). * Public Issue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996 * Launch of Portfolio Management Services with SEBI registration. 1997   * Depository Participant (DP) under National Securities Depository Limited. 1999   * Membership in Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). 2000 * BSE Listing. * 1st broking firm in India to offer online trading facility. * Commences Derivative Trading with NSE. Integrates the 1st Bank Payment Gateway in the country for Internet Trading. 2001 * Becomes India's first DP to launch depository transactions through Internet. * Establishes Joint Venture in the UAE to serve NRI customers. 2002 * 1st in India to launch an integrated internet trading system for Cash & Derivatives segments. 2003 * Geojit Commodities Limited, wholly owned subsidiary, launched Online Futures Trading in agri-commodities, precious metals and in energy futures on multiple commodity exchanges. * National launch of online futures trading in Rubber, Pepper, Gold, Wheat and Rice. Company renamed as Geojit Financial Services Ltd. 2004 * National launch of online futures trading in Cardamom. 2005 * NSE Listing. * Geojit Credits, a subsidiary, registers with RBI as a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC). * National launch of online futures trading in Coffee. 2006 * Charter member of the Financial Planning Standards Board of India. 2007 * BNP Paribas takes a stake in the company’s equity, making it the single larg est shareholder. * Establishes Joint Venture in Saudi Arabia to serve the Saudi national and the NRI. 2008 * BNP Paribas Securities India (P) Ltd. – a Joint Venture with BNP Paribas S. A. or Institutional Brokerage. * 1st brokerage to offer full Direct Market Access execution in India for institutional clients. 2009 * Launch of Property Services division. * Launch of online trading in Currency Derivatives. * Consequent to BNP Paribas becoming the largest stakeholder in Geojit BNP Paribas, company is renamed as Geojit BNP Paribas Financial Services Ltd. 2010 * Launch of  FLIP (Financial Investment Platform), a new advanced online investment platform. * Launch of state of the art Mobile Trading platform to empower clients to trade from anywhere, even while on the move through the innovative application FLIP- ME. | | | | | Board of DirectorsMr. A. P. Kurian  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive & Independent ChairmanMr. C. J. George   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing Director & Chief PromoterMr. Alkeshkumar Sharma  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive & Independent DirectorMr. Olivier Le Grand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive DirectorMr. Pierre Rousseau  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive DirectorMr. Mahesh Vyas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive & Independent DirectorMr. RakeshJhunjhunwala   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive DirectorMr.Ramanathan Bupathy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive & Independent DirectorMr. Pun noose George   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non – Executive DirectorA growing footprintWith a presence in almost all the major states of India, the network of 558 offices across 300 cities and towns presently covers Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, New Delhi, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and West Bengal.GEOJITCOMMODITIES * Number 1 Broking house status in terms of Trading Terminals : Dun & Bradstreet Survey 2008 * The first brokerage to offer online trading in Rubber (Mar 2003), Pepper (Apr2003), Gold (Oct2003), Wheat and Rice (Dec2003), Cardamom (Apr 2004) and Coffee (Feb2006) * Brand image of Industry Pioneer since inception of commodity futures in 2003| Its clientele range from investors, co-operative societies, state and national institutions to dealers, traders, manufacturers, financiers, speculators, arbitragers, etc.Geojit COMtrade does not have proprietary interest in any commodity and therefore is price neutral. Transaction costs are highly affordable attracting a spectrum of investors. Membership in multiple exchanges gives clients the added advantage of arbitrage. Geojit has specialized staff that provide the required guidance, help and enable clients to enter at the appropriate price. Geojit COMtrade: Increasing investor awareness/education * Daily, weekly and special reports on various commodities & currencies covering both international as well as domestic markets. Seminars and workshops designed to help both the new clients as well as experienced traders. * Increased media spending to make ourselves more visible in print, visual as well as digital media, so that our reports and views reach better to our investo rs. * Offers SMS / email reports at no additional cost. GEOJIT ANTHEM DRIVEN BY TRUST â€Å"With trust, our driving force Transparent in daily chores, Passionate, compassionate, We keep Geojit on course Respectful of our call We care for our patrons’ all. Grateful for our growth before We seek blessings to grow tall. Shanti ho barabaar shanti ho Sayyam, Samridhi, Swaasthya ho,Geojit Jahaan ho! Expanding far and wide, And serving the world with pride, Loyalty inspiring us To be beyond the high tide; A brighter word to make Unfurling the flag we take; â€Å"All for one and one for all,† With love to last above all. DEPARTMENTAL STUDY Administration * Provides support and service for the activities of the board of directors * Coordination of branch activities and provision of interaction between branches and the main office * Expanding the reorganization of Bank market network. * To create appropriate condition for efficient operation of structural franchisees Human reso urceHuman Resources and Administration department is one, which facilitates smooth working of the organization by looking into the human resource side and also the overall administration of organization. The Human Resource Management is very important for the success of any organization. Different individual exhibit similar and dissimilar pattern of behavior. They have their own set of needs, drives, goals and experiences. Management should be aware of their requirements. Manpower management is the most critical job. Proper human resources management will enhance the efficiency and performance of people at work.HR MISSION * To create HR policies and processes which are employee friendly * To build a culture of warm forthcoming and professional with a sense of ownership and pride. * To encourage innovative thinking. * To encourage transparency and team work. * To develop leaders at all levels with general management skills. * To create a learning organization. * To develop competenci es and skills through training and development. * To constantly raise levels of employee productivity. * To work towards attaining and sustaining the best employer status Other functions ofHuman Resource Department RecruitmentRecruitment means generating a pool of qualified employees for job. Announcing job opportunities to public in such a way that number of suitable people will apply for them. Recruitment process is done only at the initial stage. Mainly qualified people are selected for work. Selection Selection means choosing right profile from that number, those applicants whom are most likely to succeed in the job. After getting the list of candidates an interview is conducted at the unit level. Final selection is made after testing their skill and technical abilities by putting them on the job. Training and developmentTraining and development is also done in Geojit. After recruitment and selection the new hands are given on the job training at the unit level. All workers are kept as trainers for three months to one year. Later they are absorbed as permanent workers considering their performance. Promotion Promotion is the transfer of an employee to a new position which comments high pay, privilege status both at work and the community outside and fringe benefits perhaps the greater job security. And more senior position from which a person render better service to his company. His duties, responsibilities, status and pay also increase.Company gives keen attention with regard to promotion. Wage structure Wage structure is different for different position Allowances Second most important component of wage package is dearness allowance, which is paid to offset the rise in prices. Allowances like conveyance, house rent etc. Employees provident fund Company follows contributory provident fund. The workers contribute some percentage of their wage (basic pay + DA) and the management contributes at an equal rate. Labor welfare fund There is a labor welfare fund in which the employee contributes some rupee per head and the employer contributes at double to the same.The fund enables the subscriber to get children treatment of self and dependents etc†¦ Thus all employees are covered social security schemes of government, enabling education of children of workers etc. Gratuity Employees are eligible for the gratuity based on payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Welfare to workers Rest room A rest mean is covered provided to employees to relax at concerned time. Facilities of relaxing The company also provides siting facilities for workers when they are getting interval or lunch. Health One of the important thing is that the employees general health both physical and mental should be cared.The factors which influence the general health of the worker can be divided into two broad groups. 1) Those which are associated with his working environment 2) Those which he shares with the rest of the community Cleanliness The company is kept clean and free from effluvia. Accumulation of dust removed by proper drainage facility made in the chemical treatment. Walls, doors and windows shall be repainted or varnished at least once in three years Disposal of waste and effluence Effective arrangement shall be made for the disposal of waste. It does not harm any local people in any way. Ventilation and temperatureEffective arrangements shall be made for ventilation and temperature so as to provide comfort to the workers and prevent injury to their health. Adequate ventilation is made for fresh air. Air condition is provided for every room. Dust and fires Effective management shall be taken preview the inhalation and accumulation of dust and fires or other impurities in parities at workplace. Lighting The state government may prescribe standards of proper artificial nature lighting facilities are included. Drinking water There shall be effective arrangements for some drinking water for worker at convenient points.FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS Financ e is the lifeblood of any organization. It deals with both the acquisition as well as ‘allocation of funds. Hence finance department assumes a great role in this organization. A finance department in an organization is responsible for maintaining fair and just accounting, working capital management, long term funding decision making, costing etc. The finance department provides authorization and control to all other subsystems to utilize money more effectively through a well-designed mechanism the major functions of a finance department can be grouped as follows:- )Preparation of financial statement 2) Providing sufficient funds to all departments. 3) Cash flows within the firm 4) Cash forecasting and budgeting 5) Analysis of transactions conducted by each branch office 6) Pay in and Pay out DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Chief financial officer is the head of the finance department the entire financial operationsare controlled and coordinated by C. F. O. The entire reports are s ubmitted before him and it is his duty to take appropriate steps. He is assisted by Chief Manager Finance. The general accounts of the company are managed by the Chief Manager.Preparation of reports and statements also conies under his duty, matters concerning pay in and pay out are also determined and analyzed by Chief Finance Manager. The Chief Manager is assisted by Manager Finance. Below him there are two assistant managers, four executives and three junior executives. It is the duty of these people to record and analyze the normal accounts and transactions of a day and to report it to Chief Manager Finance. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CHIEF MARKETING OFFICER (fig-1)Department structural hierarchy JUNIOR EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT MANAGERMANAGING OFFICER The departmentis concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better  equipped in their management and control functions. The accounting department jointly performs the financial function of Geojit Functions of accounting department include preparing, checking and accounting the following vouchers and  bills. ? Cash receipt and cash payment. ?Bank receipt and bank payment. ? Purchase journal. Journal voucher. ?Preparing debit/credit notes. Updating vouchers in computer system. ?Preparation of reconciliation statement such as bank, party accounts etc. ?Maintain and safe custody of vouchers, records, ledgers and registers. ?Review of the general  ledger and sub ledger and reconciliation. ?Ensure safety custody of cash and  unused cheque. ?Maintain the fixed asset register and ensure proper filling of the bills of purchase, installation certificate etc. for the tax purpose. ?Ensure compliance of the various commitments for the borrowings and adherence of the schedule for the repayment of the interest and the principal.OPERATIONS DEPART MENT The past few decades have given-emphasis to operations functions mainly because it is the important subsystem of an organization and is responsible for customer satisfaction. As this department deals directly with customer satisfaction the company requires careful policies and procedures to carry out the activities under the operations department so that the services provided by them must be of a specific quality. The operations department of Geojit is again subdivided into five according to the services they deal with. They are 1) Risk management ; clearing and settlement ) Compliance 3) Commodity 4) Branch operations 5) Depository A study of each of these subdivisions is made their hierarchy, function of each official and the findings are noted in the coming pages. RISK MANAGEMENT ; CLEARING AND SETTLEMENT This is one of the subdivisions of the operations department. As stated earlier the operations departments are subdivided according to the functions they perform. Hence it is this subdivision of operations department which deals with the function of management of funds that arise from trading.Though buying and selling of shares take place daily in stock exchanges, settlements of transactions is executed for a specified no: of days after clubbing daily transactions for the entire period. This is known as settlements cycle. For example the beginning of a new settlement is on Wednesday of every week in N. S. E and it ends on next Tuesday. So it is the duty of this subdivision of the operations department to keep the recordsregarding transactions of each customer analyze whether he had made all the transactions in a proper way or not.It is the duty-of this department to check whether a person has paid the amount completely, if he had bought any shares and also to check whether the person is paid completely if he had sold the shares through Geojit. The chief manager (Risk and settlement) stands up in the hierarchy of the department and hence he is the head of the department. He controls and coordinates all the functions of this subdivision. Risk management of funds (of company and its branches) is one of the major functions. The chief manager is assisted by the senior manager (clearing and settlement).The senior manager (clearing and settlement) deals with the process of buying andselling of shares and thereby maintaining proper funds. There is an Asst. Manager under himwho checks the B. S. E operations. The Asst. Manager is assisted by three ‘senior executives' further there are executives junior executives and office assistants to help the topmanagement. A diagrammatic representation of the hierarchy of this departmental subdivision is given on next page. MANAGEMENT ; CLEARNING ; SETTLEMENT CHIEF MANAGER (RISK) SENIOR MANAGER (CLEARING ; SETTLE

Artemis Temple Essay Example for Free

Artemis Temple Essay She presided over the transition of a woman from virgin (parthenos) to married woman (gyne) and protected the virginity of those who were unmarried or wished to remain virgins (2). Artemis also oversaw marriage, childbirth and assisted with child-rearing (3). Virginity was especially emphasized in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: only virgins and men were allowed access and married or sexually active women were excluded under penalty of death. Artemis is commonly regarded as a fertility goddess, mostly because of the multitude of ‘breasts’ that cover her cult image (4). This essay will discuss three aspects of the Ancient Temple of Artemis, the style, the restoration of its architecture and its importance. The temple of Artemis was built around 550 BC and was the first temple to be entirely of marble and the largest temple ever built. The temple was financed by the wealthy king of Lydia and was designed by the Greek architect Chersiphron. Marshy ground was selected for the building site as a precaution against future earthquakes. The foundation was laid on a bed of packed charcoal and sheepskins, the column drums and architraves moved from the quarry, relates Vitruvius, by fitting them with large wheels and then, like rolling axles, having them pulled by oxen (5). It resembles the classical Greek temple: a stoic rectangular structure with mighty columns (6). The temple measured 350 by 180 feet and from the outside, its most striking feature was its more than 100 marble columns. Since it was built in the Ionic architectural style, the columns were decorated with sculptural reliefs at their bases and rosettes in their capitals (7). There were two rows of columns stretched across the front of the temple, standing about 21 feet apart and extending from the front to the back of the temple at 17 feet apart. The door in the pediment — along with two windows — was intended for Artemis’ own use (8). Inside the temple was the statue of Artemis herself, which was built from gold, silver, ebony and other stones. The temple brought in merchants, kings, and sightseers, many of donated jewellery and other treasures to Artemis and her temple. Its splendor also attracted many worshipers and pilgrims, strengthening the cult of Artemis (9). Since she was an influential figure, her fame went higher as soon as her temple was built. The Temple of Artemis was a very famous and attracted visitor from far and near. Its purpose was both a religious institution and market place. The market place itself had small models of the temple and its goddess Artemis for the fellow tourists as souvenirs to take with them. The columns at the front were decorated with intricate sculptures. It was built to honor Artemis as inside the temple was an inner room called the sanctuary that housed  a magnificent statue of the goddess. The temple was destroyed and rebuilt several times, each time it was built more impressively than the time before it. The first time it was destroyed was on the night of July 21, 356 BC, a man named Herostratus set fire to the temple in an attempt to immortalize his name (10). It caused the roof to cave in, the columns collapsed, and the statue of the goddess crashed to the ground. After the town created a law stating whoever mentioned his name would be put to death immediately. In the following two decades the temple was restored with the help of Alexander the Great. But then again in 262 AD, the temple was destroyed by the Goths and later swamped by floods, but still the residents of Ephesus vowed to rebuild it (11). However this time it was not rebuilt due to the high construction costs. A little later the temple began to lose its importance and many people were switching to Christianity and the town was completely isolated. There were attempts made to reconstruct the temple, but so far only a couple columns have been erected upon the remaining foundation. Artemis Temple. (2018, Oct 30).

Ground water contamination issue due to the use of septic tanks in Research Paper

Ground water contamination issue due to the use of septic tanks in Monroe County Florida (Florida Keys) - Research Paper Example Due to the rapid development of the area, the permanent living population for the area has grown to around 85000, against that of almost 10000 living there a few decades back. This along with the incoming tourist rush has put real pressure on the infrastructure of the area, particularly its human sewage disposal program. Several studies conducted during the recent past have shown the evidence of seepage from human sewage to the living area of coral reef. This has been mainly due to the leakages from outdated or mismatched septic tanks and cesspits. Although around 30% of the resident population is served by the central sewerage system, others depend on the network of outdated septic tanks and cesspits. Although, funds are being organized to repair and replace the sewage system by the US Congress in consultation with resident locality members, United States Environmental Protection Agency, South Florida Water management District and Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority; the total cost to rectify the system would range from around 554 million to 1.1 billion dollars. The main hesitation from the local residents to update their sewage system arises due to the unaffordable cost involved, which can go up to $ 10000 to $20000 for each unit, while everyone is keen to clean their mess, as they are aware of its damage to the coral reef and marine environment. Hence govt. help or subsidy is nessary.........(Key Sewage, CBS Radio Network) While the point source of water pollution refers to the industrial pollutants, the non point sources of pollution affect Florida Keys area, as it has very few sewage disposal or treatment systems that are needed by any urban landscape. The non point sources of pollution also include sediments from construction sites, fertilizers or other agriculture products, bacteria from livestock as well as the

HRM in Libya Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

HRM in Libya - Coursework Example Libya, before it attained its independence, was a colony of Italy. Italy colonized Libya until 1951. Libya was formed by the combination of three provinces, Fezzan, Cyrenaica and Tripolitania during the times of colonization. Due to this colonial background, Libya has several aspects that differ with other counterparts of the prominent world of Arabs to which it’s a member alongside 21 other nations. Apart from being colonized by Italy, Libya had been occupied by other powers as well. These were Greeks, Phoenicians, as well as Arabs.The nation had, since independence, been ruled by a monarchical government. But this was to last until 1969 when a coup d’etat was successfully carried out and this saw 70 army officers seize the power from the then government. The overall leader was to be Colonel Muammar Qadhafi and their government was more of group leadership. It also changed the course of Libya to an Arab Socialist state, which marked the end of capitalism and Marxism.Qa dhafi has from then onwards had a great influence on this function of HRM. His movement’s aim was especially at halting inefficiency and enhance national coordination of the political system. He urged his followers to do away with the traditional system of governance and take up a new one. This was to be â€Å"people’s committee† and its establishment became far and wide to organizations in Libya. The system of â€Å"people’s committees,† thus had a great impact on employee-management in Libya. It especially based its approach on direct democracy as put across in Qadhafi’s book ‘The Green Book’ of 1976.   The book subsequently saw the introduction of  all people’s participatory structure of â€Å"people’s congress† and later on to a new element of â€Å"revolutionary committees†. Capitalism was thus in a total ban in Libya and it was followed by new dawn of employees’ self-management via committees as well as partnerships of profit participation in public and private enterprises alike. A law on the property was also passed and forbid ownership of more than a private place of dwelling. Libyan employees also took over the control of the nation’s big companies, which were now state-run.Socialism, therefore, has had a conspicuous impact on the HRM system of Libya. It depends, mostly, upon the exportation of oil. As per the estimates of 2000 unemployment rate stood at 30% and the labor force at 1.5 million workers. Islam and the overall Arabic culture have also affected the course of Human Resource Management in Libya.

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

No topic - Assignment Example It is difficult to underestimate the importance that mercantilism played with respect to the Atlantic trade that took place within this same time period. Whereas it may be understood that Britain was the power that most greatly benefited from mercantilism, other European powers engaged with this very same model; up to and including the Portuguese, Spanish, the Dutch, and the French. Maintaining colonies in South America, Africa, the Caribbean, and Canada respectively, these powers utilize mercantilism as a way of both developing the colonial allegiance of the territories they held as well as benefiting the economy of the mother nation. This model of course shifted as the strength that the mother country could exert over these colonies began to diminish during the 18th century. Naturally, the American Revolution heralded the greatest reduction in mercantilism that had yet been witnessed. 2. European culture expanded throughout the world. Discuss how the Islamic kingdoms of the Ottoman s, Safavids and Mughals blended European culture with their own. How did Sharia law adjust to European influences? As European culture expanded throughout the world, trade routes were of course the most powerful mechanisms through which culture was integrated with foreign peoples. At the mixing point between East and West, European culture often came in direct contact with Muslim culture; a culture that specifically relied upon sharia law as a means of delineating justice and ordering their lives. However, as with any cultural interaction and the means through which this takes place, a synthesis of these two cultures and dominant religions came to take place. For instance, the Mughals, Safavids, and Ottomans adopted the European model of maintaining a standing army at all times through a regiment pay structure. This served as a fundamental difference with regards to the manner by which these entities had traditionally integrated with military affairs. Ultimately, rather than draftin g a conscript army that had little to no training and experiencing the massive losses from casualties that such an untrained and ill-prepared army necessarily engendered. Moreover, Western influences with regards to clothing, science, and technology were also represented within these cultures as they sought to change with the times and develop their own culture alongside what was, by the measurement of that era, the most advanced societies that existed. 3. How did the rulers of the world show their power? What did they build and how did they treat the common people in regards to the buildings? Be specific with the major powers of France, China, Persia, India and African empires. As might be expected, different cultures integrated with their subjects in different ways; choosing to display their power with regards to the buildings they created, the institutions they formed, and the manner through which society integrated. With respect to Persia, the power and majesty of Persia can be seen with respect to the architectural projects that were engaged and the emphasis upon beauty and art. By means of comparison, China was perhaps the most developed with respect to building architectural wonders in creating a society that could take pride in the splendor and beauty of the capital and surrounding regions. Interestingly, even though France was, and continues to be, and a dominant power in the world, the level and extent to which

The cell by john miller, micheal stone with chris mitchell Research Paper

The cell by john miller, micheal stone with chris mitchell - Research Paper Example The intelligence agencies presented include FBI and other departmental police agencies. The Intelligence agencies ensure safety of every American citizen. In an ideal situation, the agencies are to keep the valid information of every person residing on American soil. They need to prevent cases of terrorist attacks affecting innocent individuals in the society of America. Negligence of the roles of intelligence agencies played a prominent role in facilitating terrorism cases in America. The intelligence agencies failed to get vital information on the plans and execution of the attack although terrorist in this case were residing in America. The terrorists took advantage of this to harm innocent Americans. Different agencies focus much on protocols rather than taking terrorism preventive measures. All citizens enjoy the freedom right provided by American constitution. It becomes difficult for terrorists to be isolated from the innocent civilians within the society. The previous cases of terrorism happened under the watch of FBI, Police agencies, CIA and the federal government. Constant immigration cases have made the works of intelligence agencies in performing their roles in ensuring the safety of American citizens. Previous terrorists like Ranzi Yousef, located to America before executing the terrorist attack of 1993. Intelligence agencies had limited information of this immigrant. These kinds of situations provide room for terrorist attacks in America. Lack of proper communication techniques within and between intelligence agencies limited their capacity to prevent the attacks. This lack of communication is still happening in America. Although killing of Osama bin Laden has indicated an enhanced way of handling the known terrorists, numerous terrorists are still in existence among the innocent members of the society. The intelligence agencies are reluctant to act appropriately despite the fact that they know

Kmart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kmart - Case Study Example By bringing down its operational costs an organization can offer its products and services at lower prices. It can also earn higher profits because either the profit margins are greater or the sales volume has increased. Thus an organization which follows an overall lower cost strategy can gain an edge over its competitors. Cost leadership strategy works well for the company in the event of a price war in the industry. (Kotler, 2006) Another strategy followed by Wal-Mart was differentiation focus strategy. Underneath this strategy, Wal-Mart introduced its stores in rural and suburban areas. (Wheelen& Hunger, 2008) By utilizing differentiation focus strategy a firm differentiates its products from that of its competitors based on some attributes that allow the consumers to perceive the products as different from its competitors. A firm looks for differentiation in a particular segmented target market. Target and Kohl’s followed differentiation strategy. Target and Kohl’s applied value proposition in which these companies communicated the benefits they can deliver to the customers. Target flourished well because it provided products at low prices with high quality catering to youth in urban areas. (Wheelen& Hunger, 2008) 2. The amalgamation of both lower cost strategy and differentiation focus strategy were most effective. This can be exemplified by Wal-Mart that utilized both and became the leading story in the retail sector. The lower price of Wal-Mart creates a barrier for the new entrants as these new entrants cannot break through the cost advantage of the leader. The Wal-Marts differentiation focus allowed it to concentrate on the particular needs of a segmented market more efficiently as compared to its competitors. (Wheelen& Hunger, 2008) Lower Cost Strategy: In the presence of leaders like Wal-Mart and Target, Kmart has little alternatives in making pricing strategy to match up with these leaders.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Summary - Essay Example This research is aimed at exploring the most recent technologies of Physics like nano-identation, scanning electron microscopy, etc. which can be utilised to obtain a better understanding of tooth erosion and hence help in the improvement of the dental treatment techniques. The research will help the clinicians to solve dental problems better and thus help the affected population. B5 SUPPORTING STATEMENT Explain – in no more than half a page of 12-point Times New Roman font – why this project is of interest to you and why you believe you have the skills and knowledge necessary to undertake it successfully. Answer: Dental treatment is generally expensive. Therefore, people often prefer to leave their dental problems untreated. However, the dental problems become complicated due to this and serious heath hazards take place. As a result, more complicated medical procedures like oral and maxillofacial surgeries have to be performed which are riskier and costlier. In my opin ion, due to lack of consciousness and lifestyle issues are leading to more dental problems and this is becoming a serious public health issue. Hence, I want to conduct a research that would focus on the most innovative technologies to understand the dental problems like tooth erosion better and find out better treatment methods.

Personal Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Personal Ethical Dilemma Essay An international food party was conducted, during my sojourn in Japan as an exchange student. Since, I was the chairperson of the Korean language club; I ventured to prepare cheyookbogeum or Korean food for this party. I endeavored to do so only after consulting with the other members of the club and eliciting their opinion. Due to close collaboration between the club members, the venture depicted remarkable progress. During the course of preparing the food, I was constrained to decide whether to add MSG to the food. I had to undergo quite a bit of consternation regarding this decision, the party as such, was not all that big and this made me opt for the easy way out. However, I was not spared from having to scrutinize the situation precisely. The primary issue that I had to take into consideration was that addition of MSG to the food would improve its flavor and this would result in a larger number of people buying it. This would bring about a natural increase in profits, which would enable me to donate more money and provide incentives to the members who were making preparations for the party. Unfortunately, MSG does not promote good health and its prolonged use consumption could prove deleterious. In addition, if consumers came to know about having consumed MSG at a later date, they might develop a dislike for the food, which could even lead to their abstention from such food. Thus, by avoiding the addition of MSG, I would be behaving in an ethical manner, as I would have exhibited greater concern for the health of the consumer. Nevertheless, I could refrain from adding the MSG and promote the food as being prepared from solely fresh ingredients. Since, the flavor would not be all that appealing to the consumers; it would be difficult to realize profits. All the same, this food could be promoted as health food and then there might be a chance of making greater profits. All said and done, this issue was not of sufficient significance to affect the community. However, it provided me with an opportunity to adopt not only the perspective of a consumer but also that of a representative of the company. Moreover, I learned that one should take into account, long term perspectives, while taking decisions.

Vulnerable Population Health

Vulnerable Population Health Introduction Vulnerable population has become a burden for the United States as because their lacks of economic stability, improper health care service, social ignorance and so many other controversial factors. As they are considered as an important portion of the total U.S. population, thats why they are to be treated equally compared to the other U.S. citizens. One of the complex issues in their current situation is their health related problems. Their mental health problem and the drug abuse are two issues that have made them out of success. The goal set by the U.S. department of health and human services named â€Å"healthy people 2010 goals† is largely depends on this vulnerable population. Furthermore, in addition others things are also becoming obstacle to get the success. Hispanics and African American represent a large portion of entire U.S. population. Hispanics generally come from the Latin countries and Africa American from the content Africa. But the most important fact is that, among them a huge number of people are homeless and it is to be said the self-contradictory characteristic of U.S. the richest country of the world. These communities are suffering from improper health care services and have the high tendency to suicide. Their education background is also vulnerable compared to the whites. In this case the nurses can play a major role in regarding both providing the better health care services and educate this vulnerable population. There are also some other health related problems that can be solved by making a positive atmosphere by the nurses. The nurses need to know and understand in what circumstances they will act and how they will do that. The homeless population is a social group considered as a vulnerable because these homeless are at an increased risk for adverse health-related outcomes. Recognize and understand the homelessness and the relationship From the last two decades a good number of American cities experienced epidemics which challenged some beliefs. These people are concerned for affecting with HIV, violence, substance abuse, asthma, infant mortality or so many others factor. The vulnerable population is to be said the most sufferers in this case. However, there are a lot of complexities in regarding the health issues from the perspective of this population. Now, in America ‘a huge number of homeless people is a huge headache for the government as well as for the health and human services. This homeless inner city Spanish people are not only poor but also weak in health. According to the ‘human Rights Record of the United States in 2005, US has 727,304 homeless people nationwide. It reminds tha t one in every 400 Americans are living without home. The Los Angeles, according to the statistics is the capital of homeless people. The United States dubs that it is the worlds richest country, but the report given by the London school of Economics represents that U.S is has the highest poverty rate among the developed countries. This report also says that U.S. has the worst social inequality. Among them the Hispanics are at the top of the list. Now this community includes approximately 35.3 million people. By 2050, approximately 102 million Hispanics will reside in the United States which is nearly 24.5 percent of the total U.S. population. So it is needless to mention that if Hispanics experience poorer health status, then the expected demographic change will magnify the adverse economic, social, and health impact of such disparities in the United States. (J. Pumariega n.d.). Hispanic origin women can be from any race. According to estimation the Hispanic includes 63 percent Mex ican American, 14 percent central and South Americans, 11 percent Puerto Ricans and the rest 8 percent are from other. Among them 90 percent resides at the urban areas and 70 percent concentrated in 6 states-California, Texas, New York, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois. Black or African American are second at the list of vulnerable population in the United States. This origin has more undetected diseases and more chronic diseases comparatively to the whites. Inadequate housing, dangerous job and improper medical care represents the limited access of African American to the prerequisites for improved and safety health status includes better education, higher incomes and use of health care services as needed. Various types of risk factors are also involved in the daily activities of this population. â€Å"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 goals† has provided several instructions in regarding to the health issues of this vulnerable population. The large portions of this vulnerable population are suffering from mental, psychiatric and substance abuse problem. Besides this the drug problem should be mentioned if health related factors described. The Hispanics are more than two times more likely than whites to indicate current drug abuse. So, such types of problems lead to a number of big problems that is quite impossible to handle. To improve and develop the health of this population, the nurses can keep a major role strongly. The nurses need to understand the various nursing environment and they should response in accordance with the environment. In the environment of vulnerable population the nurses expand their knowledge base in leaps and bounds. The nurses need to be supported into this field and others. Health issues Mental problem The previous study found that the ratio of homeless people is highest among the Hispanics. As these Hispanics are homeless, they suffer from various kinds of mental problems and that is a national concern as well. Hence, the street beggars and those sleeping in public places have increased among the Hispanics. Homeless people are in want of emotional support, caring professionals and help that work within their frame of reality. Notably, each homeless group has different demographics and health needs. There are some denominators that are the obstacles in regarding to access health care. Nurses are the best effective means of serving the needs of these homeless people. Nurse-managed clinics can be a better solution to provide these needs and wants. However, with the help of these clinics homeless people can get continuity of care, suitable follow up, and teaching to aid in illness prevention. The freer clinic needs to be established so that the nurses can provide and meet the health n eeds and of homeless community. Among the Hispanics the mental, psychiatric and substance abuse problem has described as one of the problem of health issues. Another problem is the drug abuse problem. Several recent reports and researches provide the identified problems in access to and caring services that affects the Hispanics groups. The 2006 national healthcare Disparities report says that Hispanics scored lower that European American on 90% of access measures. (Armando W. 2007 et all) The focused research of this report is to improve the systems of care in order to deliver more equitable services. But the question is who will provide this desired service to this population and how they will do it. Point to be noted; â€Å"only 1% of licensedpsychologists and American Psychological Association membersare Hispanic†. (Armando W. 2007 et all). So, generally they are not in the field of getting proper support in their mental problems. It is known that the Hispanics are not efficient in speaking English. So when they conduct with the health service provider then as expected they got lower facilities because of language barriers. However, who are expert in English get more facilities and most severe symptom ratings, followed by those who spoke only English or only Spanish during the interview. Health insurance is a critical issue in Hispanic health factors. One third of the Hispanic population lacks it, which is double the national average. Hispanics comprises the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. The previous study found that â€Å"Mexican immigrants had considerably lower lifetime prevalence rates of major mental disorders than did-U.S. born Mexican Americans.†(R. Lopez, 2000). There are some demographic and risk factors in the perspective of Hispanic vulnerable population. The prevalence of mental health problems varied by racial or ethnic group. Among State prisoners, 62% of white inmates, compared to 55% of blacks and 46% of Hispanics, were found to have a mental health problem.(J. James E. Glaze, 2006) Among Hispanics Americans fewer than 1 in 11 do contact with specialist and 1 in 5 contact general health care provider. One national study found that only 24 percent of Hispanics received appropriate care compared to 34 percent of whites. What nurses can do The psychiatric-mental health nurses are efficient and educationally prepared to provide the full range of health services. The primary mental health care services are the first needs to face the challenges. To do so, some especial educational programs should be provided to the nurse practitioners.teh psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is advanced practice registered nurses who focus to develop the psychiatric disorders or mental health problem. They provide the wide range of settings to the patients who are seeking primary mental health services. The promotion of optimal mental health, prevention and treatment of mental health problem are the function of these nurses. They play a vital role in assisting people to identify the causes of the possible results of stress. Nursing care can be delivered on a one to one basis. The mental health nurses play a key role in the primary health care team efficiently. They are also expert in health education and promotion, seeking the ge neral public Substance abuse Substance abuse refers to the abuse of drugs or alcohol that is primarily illicit. Hispanics are mostly known as â€Å"hard-to-reach† population in the context of health communication. Drug use among Hispanics has a sparse which is vastly higher than among who are surrounded by their own culture. Drug abuse among the Hispanics is another concern for the government as well as for the future generation. The following are the risk factors in regarding to the drug abuse among the Hispanics in United States. Rates for illicit drug abuse and dependence are highest for Hispanics (7.8%). Hispanic adolescents are more likely to abuse drugs; especially crack cocaine, heroin, and ‘ice, than are adolescents from other ethnic groups. An overview of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 goals Healthy people 2010 is planned to achieve two overarching goals: Increase quality and years of healthy life The first step of â€Å"healthy people 2010† is to help individuals of all ages increase life expectancy and improve their quality of life. Eliminate health disparities: The second goal of healthy people 2010 is eliminate the health disparities among different segment of the population. ‘Healthy People 2010 is a set of health objectives for the Nation to achieve over the first decade of the new century. It can be used by many different people, States, communities, professional organizations, and others to help them develop programs to improve health. Healthy People 2010 builds on initiatives pursued over the past two decades. The 1979 Surgeon Generals Report, Healthy People, and Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives both established national health objectives and served as the basis for the development of State and community plans. Like its predecessors, Healthy People 2010 was developed through a broad consultation process, built on the best scientific knowledge and designed to measure programs over time. Healthy people objectives have been designed by the congress as the evaluation for assessing the development of the Indian health care improvement act. What nurses can do in regarding homeless Hispanics or African American and their mental health problem Mental health nurses advocate in collaboration with psychiatrists and the other practitioners to provide services as for example monitoring the Hispanics patient, mental state, managing medication and developing the links to other health care professionals and clinical service providers. Their providing services are in a range of setting and are provided at little or no cost to the patient. The homeless Hispanics and African American both are growing rapidly in context of population. They are not only growing but also their mental health is dis-improving day by day as they are considered as vulnerable population. It has been mentioned earlier that Hispanics are the largest minority community in the United States. The percentage of homeless African American is also high in United States. They are also vulnerable because of most of them are homeless and suffering from controversial mental health problem. They do feel some bad feelings about their origin root and thats why they are still in back position. In this regard, the nurses can play a major role to manipulate this community to improve their mental health. Mentality is the drive that influences people toward every outcome whether it is positive or negative. Hence, the nurses role in educating the Hispanics homeless population about how to access health care and addresses their health needs should be reflected in a systematic manner. The nurses can make them understood about the benefit of better health that will make them established at their desired level. There are a lot of people among the Hispanics who are not able to say or understand the English. In this case, the nurses have a better opportunity to teach them about the benefit of speaking English. Whenever you talk about the vulnerable or homeless people then the word needs to mention. The racial issue is a very sophisticated factor in regarding the vulnerable population. It does reflect the whole picture of vulnerable population in America. The vulnerable population should be treated in accordance with the proper plan and therefore, there also should not be any complexity. Notably, here needs to talk about the nursing aids and its function. Nursing aids is to care for physically or mentally weak, injured, disabled, and mental health setting. Nursing aids is applicable for those who are in need of a long term care. Their specialty is defined by their specific care. In context of homeless Hispanics, these nursing aids should be implemented to get the better result and overcome the problem existed among this community. The nursing aids help elderly or disabled person live in their own home instead of health care facilities. The nurses can give the instruction about how the homeless Hispanics can lead a better life after being educated and having a good health. Therefore, the better health is needed to fulfill the goals set by the â€Å"healthy people 2010† project. Lower rates of health care use by Hispanics judge against with non-Hispanics white person-in context of hospitalization, physician visit, prescribed medicine, and specific preventive service—have been found. A numerous studies found differences in culturally based attitudes in regarding health care and barriers presented by language. It has been also found that Hispanics who are less assimilated into U.S. culture face more wide-ranging barriers than those who have become acculturated with U.S. culture. Hence, there is an impact on the basis of relation between culture and use of service is quite mixed. In addition, insurance status has a larger impact on use of health care services. It is duty for the nurses to identify the specific factors that affect the function of health care services for this vulnerable population. Nurses should advocate and educate this vulnerable population. Nursing around the world needs to feel the confident and the essential and significant contribution to the provision of safe, quality patient care. It is known that the nursing workforce is the largest group within the health care system. The theoretical and practical knowledge not only guide the nurses, but also the beliefs, values and personal thinking help them to emerging advance scope of practice. Homeless Hispanics are to be said the obstacle for the U.S. developing program ‘healthy people 2010 and its success. The Hispanics are suffering from different kinds of mental health problem which is day by day going to be uncontrollable. Homeless people do not get the at least primary health service in most of the cases. As it is known that by 2050, the Hispanics will be approximately 25% of the total U.S. population. So, these successes of the â€Å"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 goals† are very much dependent on their health care. What nurses can do in regarding homeless Hispanics or African American and their drug abuse problem Drug abuse among the Hispanics and African American minority, is a strong concern as it has a larger impact on future generation. The people who are involved in drug abuse can be considered as patient from the medical perspective. However, drug abuse is becoming a growing distress for the U.S. government as well as for the health and human service. The qualities of substance abuse treatment are of interest to both the government and the treatment service provider. There has been a little research on treatment outcomes of Hispanics and African American in substance abuse treatment. However, Nurses have the potential to continue integrated interventions from the perspective of health care setting. The needs of the patients vary with the change of health care setting and the function of nurses as well. So, the field nurses need to clarify their roles and functions in relation to both the setting where they work and the patients to whom they deal with. The healthcare professionals need t o demonstrate the effectiveness of what they are used to do and how they do to maintain the quality of patient care. Substance abuse is to be said as the abuse of alcohol and other drugs. â€Å"Most culturally distinct groups have used and abused alcohol and other drugs throughout the ages, and they have established codes of behavior in their approach to drugs and alcohol†. Alcohol and other drugs have been used among the Hispanics or African American minority for thousands of years. Socio-cultural beliefs can shape the approach to and behavior regarding substance use and abuse. Culture plays a central role in forming the expectations of individuals about potential problems they may face with drug use. For many social groups, this may provide a protective factor. An example is the use of alcohol by the ancient Aztecs before any contact with white settlers. Their use of alcohol was heavily regulated and was only for ceremonial purposes. Non-ceremonial use of alcohol was strictly forbidden under penalty of death.3,8 Another example is the development of the peyote cult in northern Mexico. Peyote was used in a ceremonial setting to treat chronic alcohol addiction. This use later became a central part of the Native American church, which provided important spiritual treatment for chronic alcoholism. Recent research found that despite declining trends in use of drug abuse among the American youth, drug use among Hispanics youth remains alarmingly high. So in this case what the nurses can do is the million dollar question. The nurses provide their service in very practical way and for that reasons the result or outcome is always good. The African American has the highest tendency to use the drug and it is more likely in the youth generation. but the homeless African American or Hispanics are considered as the vulnerable population and they have not the ability to deal with these problem. In regarding this matter, the nurses can be used as a very effective tool. However, nurses will teach this vulnerable population about the bad effects of drug abuse and how is ruining their personal and family life as well as the society. Nurses normally meet legal issues in their place of work. However, many of them are either unaware of their significance or unable to face these issues. Since the findings of the study identify that learning at workplace has been valuable to gain knowledge about law, it is needed to identify legal issues in their workplace. This will help them to increase their efficiency because knowledge about legal issues upgrades their sense about their tasks. These issues provide direction that what needs to do or not to do. They should focus only how the problem can be removed in this area. The â€Å"healthy people 2010† is not just a dream, it is more than that and the homeless Hispanics or African American are the barriers of this dream. This dream should be reflected by the activities performed by the nurses. Conclusion: Now-a-days nursing has developed its all functional activities in accordance with technological, political or socio-economical rapid change. The changing boundaries of professional responsibility and its influence on their scope of practice have been emerged. For the effective care the nurses must all work together toward a common goal to meet the needs and serving the interest of the patient. According to the UKCC code of professional contact, clause 4 states that in the exercise of professional accountability, the registered nurse must, â€Å"Acknowledge any limitations in your knowledge and competence and decline any duties or responsibilities unless able to perform them in a safe and skilled manner.† (Turnbull Mark) However, Hispanics are becoming a large portion of U.S. population day by day and they are in need of the proper health care services. A lot of barriers are involved in regarding their health problem whether it is mental or about drug abuse. The nurses are to be said as the key element who can work together in the field to make a better move of health care services for the homeless Hispanics and African American.